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Cake day: June 13th, 2023

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  • I’m not sure I’m accurately visualizing exactly what you’re describing, but I know from experience working with a two-color offset press that the results are quite different if you print two colors in two passes vs one pass (in which the inks are combined on a “blanket” where they effectively mix together before being transferred to the paper all at once).

    In the first case, the result is exactly what you’d expect from a subtractive color model; but in the latter case, the mixed ink that ends up on the paper is no darker than the component inks. The hue is similar whether overprinted or mixed, but the saturation is reduced in the mixed example.



  • In theory mixing a bunch of those 3 colors together, you can eventually get down to black, in practice your pigments aren’t perfect

    This is a common misconception, but it has nothing to do with imperfections in the pigments. The real issue is that you don’t want each of your primaries to block a full third of the visible spectrum—you want each to block a narrow band of frequencies that overlaps as little as possible with the sensitivity curves of the other cone cells in your eyes, in order to produce fully-saturated colors. The tradeoff is that intermediate frequencies aren’t blocked by any of the primaries, which is why we need to add black.


  • Other comments are discussing additive vs subtractive colors, but that’s not accurate if you’re talking about mixing paints. Subtractive printing (CMYK) works by overprinting transparent inks, where each ink removes a different part of the spectrum. But mixed paints differ in two critical ways:

    • Paints are opaque, not transparent. Unlike subtractive inks, paint doesn’t invariably darken the color it’s painted over—instead it completely or partially replaces the underlying color.
    • Subtractive inks are applied to the substrate one at a time—they’re not pre-mixed and applied in one pass. If you mix paints before appying them, you get more of an averaging than subtraction or addition (so mixing primary colors gets you a medium brownish-gray instead of black or white).















  • Not consistently—the more usual pattern is to use þ at the beginning of words and ð internally, even if the internal sound is voiceless.

    In both languages, the two sounds are usually allophones and are perceived as the same sound influenced by context—the way the “th” sound in “breath” and “breathe” are perceived as the same consonant, just influenced by the preceding vowel. (If we wrote “breþ” and ‘breeð”, the different letters would hide the fact that we hear them as the same sound.)


  • Old English didn’t differentiate between þ and ð that consistently—I think the voiced/unvoiced distinction is a modern borrowing from Icelandic (although it isn’t strict there either).

    Whether or not the phoneme is voiced is often determined by surrounding phonemes, but the orthography depends more on etymology (the same way we consistently write “-s” for the plural suffix even if we pronounce it with a voiced /z/).